Leading tone alignment in occitan disapproval statements

L'accent nuclear ascendent-descendent de les oracions expressant desacord en occità consta de tres tons: LH+L*. En comptes de precedir el to asterisc ("starred tone") a un interval fix en temps normalitzat (Pierrehumbert & Beckman 1989), els tons menadors ("leading tones") L i H s'alineen amb determinats punts d'ancoratge de la cadena de segments: les fronteres dreta i esquerra de la síl·laba pretònica, respectivament. El model de Grice (1995b) per a l'estructura dels accents tonals permet donar compte d'aquest patró d'alineació incloent els tons menadors en un node diferent que precedeix el que domina to seguidor ("trailing tone") i to asterisc.The rising-falling nuclear pitch accent of Occitan disapproval statements consists in three tonal targets: LH+L*. Instead of leading the starred tone at a fixed interval in normalized time (Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1989), the two L and H leading tone targets align with determinate anchoring points in the segmental stream, namely the left and right edges of the preaccentual syllable, respectively. Grice's (1995b) model for pitch accent structure allows accounting for this alignment pattern since it includes leading tones within a different node that precedes the one that dominates starred and trailing tones

Spreading lengths of Hermite polynomials

The Renyi, Shannon and Fisher spreading lengths of the classical or hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials, which are quantifiers of their distribution all over the orthogonality interval, are defined and investigated. These information-theoretic measures of the associated Rakhmanov probability density, which are direct measures of the polynomial spreading in the sense of having the same units as the variable, share interesting properties: invariance under translations and reflections, linear scaling and vanishing in the limit that the variable tends towards a given definite value. The expressions of the Renyi and Fisher lengths for the Hermite polynomials are computed in terms of the polynomial degree. The combinatorial multivariable Bell polynomials, which are shown to characterize the finite power of an arbitrary polynomial, play a relevant role for the computation of these information-theoretic lengths. Indeed these polynomials allow us to design an error-free computing approach for the entropic moments (weighted L^q-norms) of Hermite polynomials and subsequently for the Renyi and Tsallis entropies, as well as for the Renyi spreading lengths. Sharp bounds for the Shannon length of these polynomials are also given by means of an information-theoretic-based optimization procedure. Moreover, it is computationally proved the existence of a linear correlation between the Shannon length (as well as the second-order Renyi length) and the standard deviation. Finally, the application to the most popular quantum-mechanical prototype system, the harmonic oscillator, is discussed and some relevant asymptotical open issues related to the entropic moments mentioned previously are posed.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.cam.2009.09.04

On the equity value of innovation / Do valor patrimonial da inovação

The technological innovation, according to the present paper has an important role to promote economicdevelopment. The trademark establishes its titleholder to obtain an increase of the value of its intangible asset.The product or the service gains by either its value or how it is considered by the consumer. It enables the ownerto license it, which means his allowance that other companies achieve in order to use a certain brand, withoutbecoming its owner. It is therefore a certain way to rent the use of a trademark. Franchising is a broader wayto fixing the trademark in a worldwide scale, because is not limited to its license, but also include a know-howtransfer

Inovação Através da Educação e Pesquisa: O Caso Chinês

O presente artigo busca tratar da relação entre educação, pesquisa, inovação e desenvolvimento. O caso abordado é a China uma vez que grande parte do investimento em seu sistema nacional de educação e articulação com os demais setores produtivos, conseguiu gerar tanto uma maior competitividade interna, como internacional. O trabalho se estrutura na análise da evolução histórica do sistema educacional chinês e de seu setor de P&D, para isso se valendo das patentes e publicações científicas como unidades de mensuração. Por fim, o estudo conclui da importância da educação e da pesquisa para o aperfeiçoamento do sistema nacional de inovação de um país e de seu consequente desenvolvimento

Nonlinear DC-response in Composites: a Percolative Study

The DC-response, namely the $I$-$V$ and $G$-$V$ charateristics, of a variety of composite materials are in general found to be nonlinear. We attempt to understand the generic nature of the response charactersistics and study the peculiarities associated with them. Our approach is based on a simple and minimal model bond percolative network. We do simulate the resistor network with appropritate linear and nonlinear bonds and obtain macroscopic nonlinear response characteristics. We discuss the associated physics. An effective medium approximation (EMA) of the corresponding resistor network is also given.Comment: Text written in RevTEX, 15 pages (20 postscript figures included), submitted to Phys. Rev. E. Some minor corrections made in the text, corrected one reference, the format changed (from 32 pages preprint to 15 pages

Quantum Transport in Semiconductor Nanostructures

I. Introduction (Preface, Nanostructures in Si Inversion Layers, Nanostructures in GaAs-AlGaAs Heterostructures, Basic Properties). II. Diffusive and Quasi-Ballistic Transport (Classical Size Effects, Weak Localization, Conductance Fluctuations, Aharonov-Bohm Effect, Electron-Electron Interactions, Quantum Size Effects, Periodic Potential). III. Ballistic Transport (Conduction as a Transmission Problem, Quantum Point Contacts, Coherent Electron Focusing, Collimation, Junction Scattering, Tunneling). IV. Adiabatic Transport (Edge Channels and the Quantum Hall Effect, Selective Population and Detection of Edge Channels, Fractional Quantum Hall Effect, Aharonov-Bohm Effect in Strong Magnetic Fields, Magnetically Induced Band Structure).Comment: 111 pages including 109 figures; this review from 1991 has retained much of its usefulness, but it was not yet available electronicall

Growth and cycles of the Italian economy since 1861: the new evidence

Based on a newly-available large set of historical national accounts, the paper revisits the main features of economic growth and cycles in Italy for the post-Unification period 1861-2011. Alongside the structural changes in growth dynamics, the main sources of output and productivity growth are identified. As regards the analysis of the underlying cyclical component, a business cycle chronology is first established and then both the specific patterns of individual cycles and the co-movements of output with key macroeconomic variables are investigated. In the 150 years since its political Unification, Italy's economic growth was mainly propelled by consumption and investments, whereas on the supply side the industry and services sectors were by far the main contributors, also because of the positive effect of labour reallocation to nonfarm activities. Over the same period, Italy experienced approximately 20 business cycles of varying duration and amplitude. Output fluctuations were dominated by the short-term variability of agricultural production before World War II and by fluctuations of the industry sector thereafter. The cyclical behaviour exhibited by aggregate demand components conforms quite well to that evidenced in the standard international business cycle literature, although some exceptions arise in the pre-World War II years